Journal on Recent Advances in Pain

Register      Login

VOLUME 4 , ISSUE 2 ( May-August, 2018 ) > List of Articles

CASE REPORT

Prolonged Coccydynia with Discogenic Low Back Pain Relieved by Hypodermic Needling–A Novel, Economical, Safe and Effective Technique

Rajeev Harshe

Keywords : Acupuncture, Coccydynia, Coccyx pain, Low back pain, Needling, Pain at tail bone

Citation Information : Harshe R. Prolonged Coccydynia with Discogenic Low Back Pain Relieved by Hypodermic Needling–A Novel, Economical, Safe and Effective Technique. J Recent Adv Pain 2018; 4 (2):82-83.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10046-0112

License: CC BY-ND 3.0

Published Online: 01-07-2006

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2018; The Author(s).


Abstract

Pain at tailbone–coccydynia is a nagging pain. The patient finds it difficult to sit straight and give pressure on the coccyx. This is generally seen after trauma on the coccyx. This does disturb the quality of life. Similarly, discogenic low back pain is very common. Local injection at coccyx in the form of cortisone, caudal epidural with or without ganglion impar block is a commonly used method to treat this pain. There are many instances when these treatments also do not relieve pain. Herewith, I am presenting a case where a patient with refractory coccydynia with discogenic low back was given the treatment of hypodermic needling and patient-reported significant pain relief. This technique is based on the concept of stimulating A beta fibers present in the subcutaneous region and attempting to release endorphins into the segmental dorsal horn. Simple hypodermic needles number 26 gauge half inch length is used to be put in the subcutaneous area of respective sclerotomes.


PDF Share
  1. Vickers AJ, Cronin AM, Maschino AC, Lewith G, MacPherson H, Foster NE, Sherman KJ, Witt CM, Linde K; Acupuncture Trialists’ Collaboration. Acupuncture for chronic pain: Individual patients data-meta analysis, Arch. Intern. Med. 2012 Oct.
  2. Datir A, Connell D. CT guided injection for ganglion impar blockade, Clinical Radiology Journal 2010 Jan.
  3. Nitesh Gonnade, Neeraj Mehta, Pushpinder Singh Khera, Dewesh Kumar, Rengarajan Rajagopal, and Pramod Kumar Sharma. Ganglion Impar block in patients with chronic coccydynia. Gannade N, Indian journal of Radiology 2017, Jul – Sep.
  4. Morihisa R, Eskew J, McNamara A, Young J. Dry needling in subjects with musculoskeletal trigger points in the lower quarter: A systematic review
  5. Pain, Gate control theory, https://courses.washington. edu
  6. Kao CC, Uihlein A, BickelWH, Soule EH. Lumbar intraspinal extra dural ganglion cyst. J Neurosurg 1968 Aug;29(2):168-172.
  7. Apostolaki E, Davies AM, Evans N, Cassar-Pullicino VN. MR imaging of lumbar facet joint synovial cysts. Eur Radiol 2000 Mar 1;10(4):615-623.
  8. Sabo RA, Tracy PT, Weinger JM. A series of 60 juxtafacet cysts: clinical presentation, the role of spinalinstability, and treatment. J Neurosurg 1996 Oct;85 (4):560-565.
  9. Lyons MK, Atkinson JL, Wharen RE, Deen HG, Zimmernan RS, Lemens SM. Surgical evaluation and management of lumbar synovial cysts: the Mayo Clinic experience. J Neurosurg 2000 Jul;93(1):53-57.
  10. Parlier-Cuau C, Wybier M, Nizard R, Champsaur P, LeHir P, Laredo JD. Symptomatic lumbar facet joint synovial cysts: clinical assessment of facet joint steroid injection after 1 and 6 months and long-termfollow-up in 30 patients. Radiol 1999 Feb;210(2):509-513.
  11. Swartz PG, Murtagh FR. Spontaneous resolution of an intraspinal synovial cyst. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003 Jun 1;24(6):1261-1263.
  12. RadatzM, Jakubowski J, Cooper J, Powell T. Synovial cysts of the lumbar spine: A review. Br J Neurosurg 1997 Jan 1;11(6):520-524.
  13. Guinto FC, Nauta HJW, Hashim H, Pisharodi APM. Dynamic computed tomography scanning with combined metrizamide and arterial bolus injection in arterial venous malformation of the spinal cord. Surg Neurol 1984;22:181-185.
  14. DiChiro G, Doppman JL, Dwyer AJ, et al. Tumors and arteriovenous malformations of the spinal cord: Assessment using MR. Radiology 1985;156:689-97.
  15. Doppman JL, DiChiro G, Dwyer AJ, Frank JL, Oldfield EH. Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg1987;66:830-834.
  16. Dormont D, Assouline E, Gelbert F, et al. MRI study of spinal arteriovenous malformations. J Neuroradiol 1987;14:351-64.
  17. Minami S, Sogoh T, Nishimura K, et al. Spinal arteriovenous malformation: MR imaging. Radiology 1988;169:109-115.
  18. Gulliver D, Noakes J. Myelographic differentiation of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations from the normal population. Australas Radio1 1988;32:57-64.
  19. Djindjian R. Anatomy. In: Shapiro R, ed. Myelography. Chicago: Year Book Publishers, 1984:99-118.
  20. Marshman LA, David KM, Chawda SJ. Lumbar extradural arteriovenous malformation: case report and literature review. Spine J. 2007;7:374-379.
  21. Sood D, Mistry KA, Khatri GD, et al. Congestive Myelopathy due to Intradural Spinal AVM Supplied by Artery of Adamkiewicz: Case Report with Brief Literature Review and Analysis of the Foix-Alajouanine Syndrome Definition. Polish Journal of Radiology. 2015;80:337-343.
  22. Andres RH, Barth A, Guzman R, et al. Endovascular and surgical treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. Neuroradiology 2008;50:869–876
  23. Thcron J, Cosgrove R, Melanson D, Ethier R. Spinal arteriovenous malformations: advances in therapeutic embolization. Radiology 1986;158:163-169.
  24. Guo TZ, Jiang JY, Buttermann AE, Maze M. Dexmedetomidine injection into the locus ceruleus produces antinociception. Anesthesiology. 1996, Apr;84(4):873-881.
  25. Chun-Guang Wang, Jian-Ping Yang, Chang-Qing Hu, Yan- Ling Ding. The effect of adding dexmedetomidine to ropivacaine for lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve block. Int J Clin Exp Med 2016, May-Jul;9(7):14198-14204.
  26. Kanazi GE, Aouad MT, Jabbour-Khoury SI, Al Jazzar MD, Alameddine MM, Al-Yaman R et al. Effect of low-dose dexmedetomidine or clonidine on the characteristics of bupivacaine spinal block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006 Feb; 50(2):222-227.
  27. Soliman HF.Addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in the lumbar plexus block potentiates postoperative analgesia among hip arthroplasty patients: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Ain-Shams J Anaesthesiol 2015, May;8(2):269-275.
  28. Swami SS, Kenya VM, Ladi SD, Rao R. Comparison of dexmedetomidine and clonidine(á-2 agonist drugs) as an adjuvant to local anaesthesia in supraclavicular brachial plexus block: A randomized double-blind prospective study. Indian J Anaesth 2012, May-Jun;56(3):243-249.
  29. Rising DW, Bennet BC, Hursh K, Plesh O. Reports of body pain in a dental student population. J Am Dent Assoc 2005 Jan;136(1):81-86.
  30. Raja K, Tilak AH. Occupational hazards in dentistry and its control measures—a review. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014 Dec;3(6):397-415.
  31. Rubel DM, Watchorn RB. Allergic contact dermatitis in dentistry. Australas J Dermatol 2000 May;41(2):63-69.
  32. Szymanska J. Occupational hazards of dentistry. Ann Agric Environ Med 1999 Feb;6(1):13-19.
  33. Shuhaiber S, Einarson A, Radde IC, Sarkar M, Koren G. A prospective controlled study of pregnant veterinary staff exposed to inhaled anesthetics and X-rays. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2002;15(4):363-373.
  34. Henderson KA, Matthews IP. Environmental monitoring of nitrous oxide during dental anaesthesia. Br Dent J 2000 Jun;188(11):617-619.
  35. EIP Associates. Mercury amalgam treatment technologies for dental offices. Palo Alto (CA): EIP Associates; 2000. [cited 2002 Jan 4]. Available from: http://www.bandwidthmarket.com/ resources/mirror/government/state/www.city.palo-alto. ca.us/cleanbay/pdf/denttech.pdf.
  36. Kumar RS, Manish GN, Ferreira AM. Occupational hazards among dental surgeons. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2000;4(3):139-141.
  37. Sumathi G, Sangeetha K, Tharani Kumar S. Prevalence of yoga as an alternative therapy for the treatment of occupational hazards among dentists in Chennai, India—a comprehensive study. IJIRCCE 2014 Feb;2(2):3189-3196.
  38. Higgins JP, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0. London: Cochrane Collaboration; c2011 March 2011.
  39. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Quality Assessment for Case Series [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2017 Mar 3]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ cg3/resources/appendix-4-quality-of-case-seriesform2.
  40. Malvankar-Mehta MS, Chen YN, Iordanous Y, Wang WW, Costella J, Hutnik CML. iStent as a solo procedure for glaucoma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One2015;10(5):e0128146.
  41. Malvankar-Mehta MS, Iordanous Y, Chen YN. iStent with phacoemulsification versus phacoemulsification alone for patients with glaucoma and cataract: a meta-analysis. PLoS One2015;10(7):e0131770.
  42. Bahler CK, Smedley GT, Zhou J, Johnson DH. Trabecular bypass stents decrease intraocular pressure in cultured human anterior segments. Am J Ophthalmol2004;138(6):988-994.
  43. Gedde SJ, Herndon LW, Brandt JD, Budenz DL, Feuer WJ, Schiffman JC. Postoperative complications in the tube versus trabeculectomy (TVT) study during five years of follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol2012;153(5):804-814.
  44. Iordanous Y, Kent JS, Hutnik CML, Malvankar-Mehta MS. Projected cost comparison of Trabectome, iStent, and endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation versus glaucoma medication in the Ontario Health Insurance Plan. J Glaucoma2014;23:e112-118.
  45. Kaplowitz K, Bussel II, Honkanen R, Schuman JS, Loewen NA. Review and meta-analysis of ab-interno trabeculectomy outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol 2016;100(5):594-600.
  46. Almeida Junior GC, Arakawa L, Santi Neto DD, Cury PM, Lima Filho AA, Sousa SJ, Alves MR, Azoubel R. Preoperative tranilast as adjunctive therapy to primary pterygium surgery with a 1-year follow-up. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2015 Jan-Feb; 78(1):1-5.
  47. Bahar I, Lusky M, Gaton D, Robinson A, Avisar R, Weinberger D. The use of fibrin adhesive in trabeculectomy: a pilot study. Br J Ophthalmol 2006 Nov;90(11):1430.
  48. Bahar I, Weinberger D, Lusky M, Avisar R, Robinson A, Gaton D. Fibrin glue as a suture substitute: histological evaluation of trabeculectomy in rabbit eyes. Curr Eye Res 2006 Jan;31(1):31-36.
  49. Buschmann W, Stemberger A, Blumel G, Leydhecker W. Fibrin adhesion and postoperative anti-fibrinolytic care of conjunctival wounds. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1984 Mar;184(3):185-188.
  50. Choudhari NS, Neog A, Latka S, Srinivasan B. Fibrin sealantassisted revision of the exposed Ahmed tube. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2015 Jan-Mar;22(1):115-116.
  51. Choudhari NS, Neog A, Sharma A, Iyer GK, Srinivasan B. Authors' reply. Indian J Ophthalmol 2013 Jun;61(6):312-313.
  52. Choudhari NS, Neog A, Sharma A, Iyer GK, Srinivasan B. Our experience of fibrin sealant-assisted implantation of Ahmed glaucoma valve. Indian J Ophthalmol 2013 Jan-Feb;61(1): 23-27.
  53. Dal Pizzol MM, Roggia MF, Kwitko S, Marinho DR, Rymer S. Use of fibrin glue in ocular surgery. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2009 May-Jun;72(3):308-312.
  54. Dintelmann T, Lieb WE, Grehn F. Filtering bleb revision. Techniques and outcome. Ophthalmologe 2002 Dec;99(12): 917-921.
  55. Du TT, Saffra N. Acellular dermal graft as a treatment of recurrent conjunctival wound dehiscence. Arch Ophthalmol 2009 Nov;127(11):1520-1521.
  56. Elmalem VI, Harris GJ. Occurrence and surgical management of a cerebrospinal fluid-filled cystoid space following routine enucleation. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2012 Sep-Oct;28(5):e117-e118.
  57. Esquenazi S, Rand W, Velazquez G, Grunstein L. Novel therapeutic approach in the management of band keratopathy using amniotic membrane transplantation with fibrin glue. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2008 Sep-Oct;39(5): 418-421.
  58. Freeman PD, Kahook MY, Curtis TH. Glaucoma drainage device implantation in children using fibrin glue. J AAPOS 2010 Apr;14(2):169-171.
  59. Piltz JR, Starita RJ. The use of subconjunctivally administered tissue plasminogen activator after trabeculectomy. Ophthalmic Surg 1994 Jan;25(1):51-53.
  60. Por YM, Tan YL, Mehta JS, Tan DT. Intracameral fibrin tissue sealant as an adjunct in tectonic lamellar keratoplasty for large corneal perforations. Cornea 2009 May;28(4):451-455.
  61. Sakarya Y, Sakarya R, Yildirim A. Sutureless amniotic membrane fixation with fibrin glue in symptomatic bullous keratopathy with poor visual potential. Eur J Ophthalmol 2010 Jan-Feb;20(1):249; author reply 249-250.
  62. Lee GA, Holcombe DJ. Surgical revision of dysfunctional filtration blebs with bleb preservation sliding conjunctival flap and fibrin glue. Eye (Lond) 2010 Jun;24(6):947-953.
  63. Kahook MY, Noecker RJ. Fibrin glue-assisted glaucoma drainage device surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 2006 Dec;90(12):1486-1489.
  64. Valimaki J. Fibrin glue for preventing immediate postoperative hypotony following glaucoma drainage implant surgery. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2006 Jun;84(3):372-374.
  65. Malhotra C, Jain AK. Human amniotic membrane transplantation: different modalities of its use in ophthalmology. World J Transplant 2014 Jun;4(2):111-121.
  66. Dua HS, Gomes JA, King AJ, Maharajan VS. The amniotic membrane in ophthalmology. Surv Ophthalmol 2004 Jan-Feb;49(1):51-77.
  67. Shimmura S, Shimazaki J, Ohashi Y, Tsubota K. Antiinflammatory effects of amniotic membrane transplantation in ocular surface disorders. Cornea 2001 May;20(4):408-413.
  68. Yazdani S, Mahboobipour H, Pakravan M, Doozandeh A, Ghahari E. Adjunctive mitomycin c or amniotic membrane transplantation for Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation: a randomized clinical trial. J Glaucoma 2016 May;25(5):415-421.
  69. Sheha H, Kheirkhah A, Taha H. Amniotic membrane transplantation in trabeculectomy with mitomycin C for refractory glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2008 Jun-Jul;17(4):303-307.
  70. Khairy HA, Elsawy MF. Trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C versus trabeculectomy with amniotic membrane transplant: a medium-term randomized controlled trial. J Glaucoma 2015 Sep;24(7):556-559.
  71. Rauscher FM, Barton K, Budenz DL, Feuer WJ, Tseng SC. Long-term outcomes of amniotic membrane transplantation for repair of leaking glaucoma filtering blebs. Am J Ophthalmol 2007 Jun;143(6):1052-1054.
  72. Sethi P, Patel RN, Goldhardt R, Ayyala RS. Conjunctival advancement with subconjunctival amniotic membrane draping technique for leaking cystic blebs. J Glaucoma 2016 Feb;25(2):188-192.
  73. Kitagawa K, Yanagisawa S, Watanabe K, Yunoki T, Hayashi A, Okabe M, Nikaido T. A hyperdry amniotic membrane patch using a tissue adhesive for corneal perforations and bleb leaks. Am J Ophthalmol 2009 Sep;148(3):383-389.
  74. Nagai-Kusuhara A, Nakamura M, Fujioka M, Negi A. Longterm results of amniotic membrane transplantation-assisted bleb revision for leaking blebs. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008 Apr;246(4):567-571.
  75. Rai P, Lauande-Pimentel R, Barton K. Amniotic membrane as an adjunct to donor sclera in the repair of exposed glaucoma drainage devices. Am J Ophthalmol 2005 Dec;140(6): 1148-1152.
  76. Ainsworth G, Rotchford A, Dua HS, King AJ. A novel use of amniotic membrane in the management of tube exposure following glaucoma tube shunt surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 2006 Apr;90(4):417-419.
  77. Papadaki TG, Siganos CS, Zacharopoulos IP, Panteleontidis V, Charissis SK. Human amniotic membrane transplantation for tube exposure after glaucoma drainage device implantation. J Glaucoma 2007 Jan;16(1):171-172.
  78. Mulder EJ, Leiblum DM, Visser GH. Fetal breathing movements in late diabetic pregnancy: relationship to fetal heart rate patterns and Braxton Hicks’ contractions. Early Hum Dev 1995 Nov;43(3):225-232.
  79. Schulte FJ, Michaelis R, Nolte R, Albert G, Parl U, Lasson U. Brain and behavioral maturation in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. I. Nerve conduction and EEG patterns. Neuropadiatrie 1969 Jan-Jul;1(1):24-35.
  80. Devoe LD, Youssef AA, Castillo RA, Croom CS. Fetal biophysical activities in third-trimester pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994 Aug;171(2):298-303.
  81. Dierker LJ Jr, Pillay S, Sorokin Y, Rosen MG. The change in fetal activity periods in diabetic and nondiabetic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982 May;143(2):181-185.
  82. Doherty NN, Hepper PG. Habituation in fetuses of diabetic mothers. Early Hum Dev 2000 Aug;59(2):85-93.
  83. Kainer F, Prechtl HF, Engele H, Einspieler C. Assessment of the quality of general movements in fetuses and infants of women with type-1 diabetes mellitus. Early Hum Dev 1997 Nov;50(1):13-25.
  84. Mulder EJ, O'Brien MJ, Lems YL, Visser GH, Prechtl HF. Body and breathing movements in near-term fetuses and newborn infants of type-1 diabetic women. Early Hum Dev 1990 Nov;24(2):131-152.
  85. Mulder EJ, Visser GH. Growth and motor development in fetuses of women with type-1 diabetes. I. Early growth patterns. Early Hum Dev 1991 May;25(2):91-106.
  86. Mulder EJ, Visser GH. Growth and motor development in fetuses of women with type-1 diabetes. II. Emergence of specific movement patterns. Early Hum Dev 1991 May;25(2):107-115.
  87. Mulder EJ, Visser GH. Impact of early growth delay on subsequent fetal growth and functional development: a study on diabetic pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 1992 Dec;31(2):91-95.
  88. Mulder EJ, Visser GH, Bekedam DJ, Prechtl HF. Emergence of behavioral states in fetuses of type-1 diabetic women. Early Hum Dev 1987 Jul;15(4):231-251.
  89. Mulder EJ, Visser GH, Morssink LP, de Vries JI. Growth and motor development in fetuses of women with type-1 diabetes. III. First trimester quantity of fetal movement patterns. Early Hum Dev 1991 May;25(2):117-133.
  90. Aberg A, Westbom L, Kallen B. Congenital malformations among infants whose mothers had gestational diabetes or preexisting diabetes. Early Hum Dev 2001 Mar;61(2):85-95.
  91. Deregnier RA, Nelson CA, Thomas KM, Wewerka S, Georgieff MK. Neurophysiologic evaluation of auditory recognition memory in healthy newborn infants and infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr 2000 Dec;137(6):777-784.
  92. Nelson CA, Wewerka S, Thomas KM, Tribby-Walbridge S, deRegnier R, Georgieff M. Neurocognitive sequelae of infants of diabetic mothers. Behav Neurosci 2000 Oct;114(5):950-956.
  93. Reece EA, Homko CJ. Infant of the diabetic mother. Semin Perinatol 1994 Oct;18(5):459-469.
  94. Reece EA, Homko CJ. Why do diabetic women deliver malformed infants? Clin Obstet Gynecol 2000 Mar;43(1):32-45.
  95. Rizzo T, Metzger BE, Burns WJ, Burns K. Correlations between antepartum maternal metabolism and intelligence of offspring. N Engl J Med 1991 Sep;325(13):911-916.
  96. Rizzo TA, Metzger BE, Dooley SL, Cho NH. Early malnutrition and child neurobehavioral development: insights from the study of children of diabetic mothers. Child Dev 1997 Feb;68(1):26-38.
  97. Schwartz R, Teramo KA. Effects of diabetic pregnancy on the fetus and newborn. Semin Perinatol 2000 Apr;24(2):120-135.
  98. Vaarasmaki MS, Hartikainen A, Anttila M, Pramila S, Koivisto M. Factors predicting peri- and neonatal outcome in diabetic pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 2000 Jul;59(1):61-70.
  99. Robertson SS, Dierker LJ. Fetal cyclic motor activity in diabetic pregnancies: sensitivity to maternal blood glucose. Dev Psychobiol 2003 Jan;42(1):9-16.
  100. Accardo PJ, Blondis TA, Whitman BY. Disorders of attention and activity level in a referral population. Pediatrics 1990 Mar;85(3 Pt 2):426-431.
  101. Ornoy A, Uriel L, Tennenbaum A. Inattention, hyperactivity and speech delay at 2-4 years of age as a predictor for ADDADHD syndrome. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1993;30(3):155-163.
  102. Smyth TR. Impaired motor skill (clumsiness) in otherwise normal children: a review. Child Care Health Dev 1992 Sep-Oct;18(5):283-300.
  103. Petersen MB, Pedersen SA, Greisen G, Pedersen JF, Mølsted- Pedersen L. Early growth delay in diabetic pregnancy: relation to psychomotor development at age 4. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988 Feb;296(6622):598-600.
  104. Sells CJ, Robinson NM, Brown Z, Knopp RH. Long-term developmental follow-up of infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr 1994 Jul;125(1):S9-S17.
  105. Vladareanu R, Lebit D, Constantinescu S. Ultrasound assessment of fetal neurobehaviour in high risk pregnancies. DSJUOG 2012 Apr-Jun;6(2):132-147.
  106. Talic A, Kurjak A, Ahmed B, Stanojevic M, Predojevic M, Kadic AS, Di Renzo GC. The potential of 4D sonography in the assessment of fetal behavior in high-risk pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011 Jul;24(7):948-954.
  107. Bekedam DJ, Visser GH, de Vries JJ, Prechtl HF. Motor behaviour in the growth retarded fetus. Early Hum Dev 1985 Nov;12(2):155-165.
  108. Cioni G, Prechtl HF. Preterm and early postterm motor behaviour in low-risk premature infants. Early Hum Dev 1990 Sep;23(3):159-191.
  109. Seme-Ciglenecki P. Predictive value of assessment of general movements for neurological development of highrisk preterm infants: comparative study. Croat Med J 2003 Dec;44(6):721-727.
  110. Abo-Yaqoub S, Kurjak A, Mohammed AB, Shadad A, Abdel-Maaboud M. The role of 4-D ultrasonography in prenatal assessment of fetal neurobehaviour and prediction of neurological outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012 Mar;25(3):231-236.
  111. Athanasiadis AP, Mikos T, Tambakoudis GP, Theodoridis TD, Papastergiou M, Assimakopoulos E, Tarlatzis BC. Neurodevelopmental fetal assessment using KANET scoring system in low and high-risk pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013 Mar;26(4):363-368.
  112. Fauser BC, Tarlatzis BC, Rebar RW, Legro RS, Balen AH, Lobo R, Carmina E, Chang J, Yildiz BO, Laven JS, et al. Consensus on women's health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Fertil Steril 2012 Jan;97(1):28-38.e25
  113. Sirmans SM, Pate KA. Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Epidemiol 2014; 6:1-13.
  114. Fauser BC, Diedrich K, Bouchard P, Domínguez F, Matzuk M, Franks S, Hamamah S, Simón C, Devroey P, Ezcurra D, et al. Contemporary genetic technologies and female reproduction. Human Reproduction Update 2011 Nov;17(6):829-847.
  115. Balen A, Conway G, Kaltsas G. Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of the disorder in 1741 patients. Hum Reprod 1995 Aug;10(8):2107-2111.
  116. Azziz R, Sanchez L, Knochenhauer ES, Moran C, Lazenby J, Stephens KC, Taylor K, Boots LR. Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 Feb;89(2):453-462.
  117. Wild S, Pierpoint T, McKeigue P, Jacobs H. Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at longterm follow-up: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000 May;52(5):595-600.
  118. Hollinrake E, Abreu A, Maifeld M, Van Voorhis BJ, Dokras A. Increased risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2007 Jun;87(6): 1369-1376.
  119. Zawadski JK, Dunaif A. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome. In: Givens JHF, Merriman G, editors. The polycystic ovary syndrome. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific; 1992. p. 377-384.
  120. Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004 Jan;81(1):19-25.
  121. Azziz R, Carmina E, DeWailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W, Janssen OE, Legro RS, Norman RJ, Taylor AE, et al. Position statement: criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an Androgen Excess Society guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006 Nov;91(11):4237-4245.
  122. Lujan ME, Jarrett BY, Brooks ED, Reines JK, Peppin AK, Muhn N, Haider E, Pierson RA, Chizen DR. Updated ultrasound criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: reliable thresholds for elevated follicle population and ovarian volume. Hum Reprod 2013 May;28(5):1361-1368.
  123. Badawy A, Elnashar A. Treatment options for polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Womens Health 2011 Feb;3:25-35.
  124. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No 108: Polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2009 Oct;114(4):936-949.
  125. Thessaloniki ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2008 Mar;89(3): 505-522.
  126. Balen AH. Ovulation induction in the management of anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013 Jul;373(1-2):77-82.
  127. Berridge DL, Winter TC. Saline infusion sonohysterography: technique, indications, and imaging findings. J Ultrasound Med 2004 Jan;23(1):97-112.
  128. Allison SJ, Horrow MM, Kim HY, Lev-Toaff AS. Salineinfused sonohysterography: tips for achieving greater success. Radiographics 2011 Nov-Dec;31(7):1991-2004.
  129. O'Neill MJ. Sonohysterography. Radiol Clin North Am 2003 Jul;41(4):781-797.
  130. Bonnamy L, Marret H, Perrotin F, Body G, Berger C, Lansac J. Sonohysterography: a prospective survey of results and complications in 81 patients. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002 Apr;102(1):42-47.
  131. Lindheim SR, Adsuar N, Kushner DM, Pritts EA, Olive DL. Sonohysterography: a valuable tool in evaluating the female pelvis. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2003 Nov;58(11):770-784.
  132. Lindheim SR, Sprague C, Winter TC. Hysterosalpingography and sonohysterography: lessons in technique. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006 Jan;186(1):24-29.
  133. Jeanty P, Besnard S, Arnold A, Turner C, Crum P. Air-contrast sonohysterography as a first step assessment of tubal patency. J Ultrasound Med 2000 Aug;19(8):519-527.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.