Transient tachycardia: prognostic significance alone and in association with transient hypertension. JAMA 1945;129(9):585-588.
Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham study. Am Heart J 1987 Jun;113(6):1489-1494.
Heart rate as a prognostic factor for coronary heart disease and mortality: findings in three Chicago epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol 1980 Dec;112(6):736-749.
Influence of heart rate on mortality among persons with hypertension: the Framingham study. Am Heart J 1993 Apr;125(4):1148-1154.
Pulse rate, coronary heart disease, and death: the NHANES I Epidemiologic follow-up study. Am Heart J 1991 Jan;121(1 Pt 1):172-177.
Predictive value of clinic and ambulatory heart rate for mortality in elderly subjects with systolic hypertension. Arch Intern Med 2002 Nov 11;162(20):2313-2321.
Long term prognostic values of resting heart rate in patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2005 May;26(10):967-974.
Relation of heart rate at rest and mortality in the Women's Health and Aging Study. Am J Cardiol 2003 Dec 1;92(11):1294-1299.
Identification and management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of a European Society of Hypertension Consensus Meeting. J Hypertens 2006 Apr;24(4):603-610.
Management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of the second consensus conference endorsed by the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2016 May; 34(5):813-821.
Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 18th ed. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 2012.
Need for a revision of the normal limits of resting heart rate. Hypertension 1999 Feb;33(2):622-625.
Redefinition of normal sinus heart rate. Chest 1993 Sep;104(3):939-941.
Relationship of tachycardia with high blood pressure and metabolic abnormalities. A study with mixture analysis in three populations. Hypertension 1997 Nov;30(5):1267-1273.
Disease entities, mixed multinormal distributions, and the role of the hyperkinetic state in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Stat Med 1990 Mar;9(3):301-314.
Alerting reaction and rise in blood pressure during measurement by physician and nurse. Hypertension 1987 Feb;9(2):209-215.
Prognostic value of ambulatory heart rate revisited in 6928 subjects from 6 populations. Hypertension 2008 Aug;52(2):229-235.
Predictive value of ambulatory heart rate in the Japanese general population: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2008 Aug;26(8):1571-1576.
Predictive value of night-time heart rate for cardiovascular events in hypertension. The ABP-International study. Int J Cardiol 2013 Sep 30;168(2):1490-1495.
Prognostic value of home heart rate for cardiovascular mortality in the general population: the Ohasama study. Am J Hyeprtens 2004 Nov;17(11 Pt 1):1005-1010.
Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressure compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation 2005 Apr 12;111(14):1777-1783.
The relation of adiposity to blood pressure and development of hypertension. Ann Intern Med 1967 Jul;67(1):48-59.
Biological and social correlates of blood pressure among Japanese men in Hawaii. Hypertension 1982 May-Jun;4(3):406-414.
Heart rate as a predictor of development of sustained hypertension in subjects screened for stage I hypertension: the HARVEST study. J Hypertens 2006 Sep;24(9):1873-1880.
Higher heart rate may predispose to obesity and diabetes mellitus: 20-years prospective study in a general population. Am J Hypertens 2009 Feb;22(2):151-155.
Resting heart rate as a predictor of body weight gain in the early stage of hypertension. Obesity 2011 Mar;19(3):618-623.
Determinants of accelerated progression of arterial stiffness in normotensive and treated hypertensive subjects over a 6-year period. Circulation 2002 Mar 12;105(10):1202-1207.
Synergistic relationship between changes in pulse wave velocity and changes in the heart rate in middle-aged Japaneseadults: aprospectivestudy. JHypertens 2010 Apr;28(4):687-694.
Association of heart rate with microalbuminuria in cardiovascular risk patients: data from I-SEARCH. J Hypertens 2008 Jan;26(1):18-25.
Heart rate as a risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease: longitudinal analysis of a screened cohort. Clin Exp Nephrol 2009 Oct;13(5):487-493.
Major quantitative trait locus for resting heart rate maps to a region on chromosome 4. Hypertension 2004 May;43(5):1146-1151.
A polymorphism in the beta 1 adrenergic receptor is associated with resting heart rate. Am J Hum Genet 2002 Apr;70(4):935-942.
Heart rate as marker of sympathetic activity. J Hypertens 1998 Nov;16(11):1635-1639.
Interaction between nitric oxide and the cholinergic and sympathetic nervous system in cardiovascular control in humans. Pharmacol Ther 2005 May;106(2):209-220.
Nitric oxide and cardiac autonomic control in humans. Hypertension 2000 Aug;36(2):264-269.
Retarding effect of lowered heart rate on coronary atherosclerosis. Science 1984 Oct 12;226(4671):180-182.
Inhibition of coronary atherosclerosis by propranolol in behaviorally predisposed monkeys fed an atherogenic diet. Circulation 1987 Dec;76(6):1364-1372.
Elevated heart rate and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease: clinical evidence and pathophysiological mechanisms. Atherosclerosis 2010 Sep;212(1):1-8.
Elevated heart rate and atherosclerosis: an overview of the pathogenetic mechanisms. Int J Cardiol 2008 Jun 6;126(3):302-312.
Low-dose metoprololCR/XL:fluvastatin slow progression of carotid intima-media thickness: main results from the Beta-blocker Cholesterol-Lowering Asymptomatic Plaque Study (BCAPS). Circulation 2001 Apr 3;103(13):1721-1726.
Resting heart rate is a risk factor for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. Am J Epidemiol 1999 May 1;149(9):853-862.
Predicting sudden death in the population: the Paris Prospective Study I. N Engl J Med 2005 May 12;352(19):1951-1958.
Heart rate and the cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 1997 Jan;15(1):3-17.
The association of rating heart rate with cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality. Eight year follow-up of 3527 male Israeli employees (the CORDIS study). Eur Heart J 2000 Jan;21(2):116-124.
Prognostic significance of exercise blood pressure and heart rate in middle-aged men. Hypertension 1992 Sep;20(3):333-339.
Heart rate as a predictor of mortality: the MATISS projects. Am J Public Health 2001 Aug;91(8):1258-1263.
Rest heart rate and life expectancy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997 Oct;30(4):1104-1106.
Quantitative relationship between resting heart rate reduction and magnitude of clinical benefits in post-myocardial infarction: a meta-regression of randomized clinical trials. Eur Heart J 2007 Dec;28(24):3012-3019.
Heart rate as a therapeutic target in heart failure. Eur Heart J 1999;1(Suppl H):H64-H69.
Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2010 Sep 11;376(9744):875-885.
Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008 Sep 6;372(9641):807-816.
